الهوامش
1.
Charter of the
Organization of African Unity, Done at Addis Ababa, on
25 May 1963, United Nations Treaty Series, No. 6947, 1963,p. 72. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20479/volume-479-I-6947-English.pdf
2.
Treaty
Establishing the African Economic Community, Abuja,
Nigeria, 3rd June, 1991, Article 6, p. 10. Available
at:
http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/TREATY_ESTABLISHING_THE_AFRICAN_ECONOMIC_COMMUNITY.pdf
3.
للمزيد في هذا الصدد انظر: سامي السيد أحمد، "برامح وآليات السلم والأمن
داخل المنظمات الإقليمية الأفريقية: دراسة حالة للكوميسا والإيكواس"، آفاق
أفريقية (القاهرة: الهيئة العامة للاستعلامات، المجلد 6،العدد 20،ربيع 2006)،ص
ص 30-49.
4. The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD),
Abuja, Nigeria, October 2001, p. 14. Available
at:http://www.nepad.org/system/files/framework_0.pdf
5. Constitutive Act of the African Union,
Done at Lome, Togo, 11th July 2000, Article 3, p. 5.Available at:
http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf
6. African
Development Bank, Development Center of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development, United Nations Development Program, African
Economic Outlook 2014: Global Value Chains and Africa’s Industrialisation
(Tunis; Paris; New York: AfDB, OECD and
UNDP, 2014), pp. 78-79.
7. Economic
Commission for Africa, "Assessing Regional Integration in Africa", ECA
Policy Research Report (Addis Ababa: UNECA, 2004), p. 1.
8. United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics
2014 (New York: United Nations, 2014), pp. 359,328, 10, 11.
9. United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report
2014:Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan
(New York: United Nations, 2014), p. 36.
10. AtienoNdomo,
Regional Economic Communities in Africa: A Progress Overview (Nairobi:
GTZ, May 2009), pp. 8-10. Available at:
http://www2.gtz.de/wbf/4tDx9kw63gma/RECs_Final_Report.pdf
11. فعلى سبيل المثال زامبيا عضو
في الاتحاد الجمركي للكوميسا الذى يتطلب تطبيق تعريفة جمركية خارجية موحدة في مواجهة
الدول غير الأعضاء، ولكنها في ذات الوقت عضو في منطقة التجارة الحرة للسادك، وهذا يجعل
الدولة في موقف متضارب. انظر:
Jaime
de Meloand Yvonne Tsikata, "Regional integration in Africa: Challenges and
Prospects",WIDER Working Paper (Helsinki: World Institute for
Development Economics Research, No.2014/037, February 2014), p. 5.
12. Economic
Commission for Africa, op. cit., pp. 15, 20.
13. سامي السيد أحمد، السياسة
الأمريكية تجاه صراعات القرن الأفريقى ما بعد الحرب الباردة: الدور والاستجابة (أبوظبي:
مركز الإمارات للدراسات والبحوث الإستراتيجية، 2010)، ص ص 89-92.
14. المرجع السابق،
ص ص 110-114.
15. AtienoNdomo,
op. cit., p. 17.
16. Assembly
of the African Union, "Decision on the Protocol on Relations between
the African Union and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) - Doc.EX.CL/348
(IX)", Decisions and Declaration,Ninth Ordinary Session,Accra, Ghana,
1–3 July 2007.http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ASSEMBLY_EN_01_JULY_03_JULY_2007_AUC_NINTH_ORDINARY_SESSION_DECISIONS_DECLARATIONS_0.pdf
17.
Protocol on
Relations between the African Union (AU) and the Regional Economic Communities
(RECs), Article 4, p. 4. Available at:http://www.caast-net-plus.org/object/document/239/attach/AU-RECs-Protocol.pdf
18. AtienoNdomo,
op. cit., pp. 17-18.
19. The
New Partnership for Africa's Development, op. cit., pp. 14, 37.
20. United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD Handbook of…, op. cit.,p.
336.
21. UnitedNations,World
Economic Situation and Prospects 2015 (New York: United Nations, 2015),pp.
149, 143.
22.
United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa (et al.),MDG Report 2014: Assessing Progress
in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals (Addis Ababa: UN Economic
Commission for Africa, African Union, African Development Bank and United Nations DevelopmentProgramme,
October 2014), pp. 1, 12.
23.
African Development Bank, op. cit., p. 79.
24.
RichardFrimpongOppong, "The African Union, African
Economic Community and Africa’s Regional Economic Communities: Untangling a
Complex Web",African Journal of International and Comparative Law (London:
Edinburg University Press, Vol. 18, Issue. 1, March 2010), pp. 93-103.
Available at: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/30779/3/AJICL_PAPER-OPPONG.pdf
25.
AtienoNdomo,op. cit.,pp. 12-13; Economic Commission for
Africa, op. cit., p. 33.
26.
African Development Bank, op. cit., p. 79.
27.
Sheila Page, "Regionalism and/or
Globalisation", in NordiskaAfrikainstitutet, Regionalism and Regional
Integration in Arica: A Debate of Current Aspects and Issues (Uppsala:
NordiskaAfrikainstitutet,Discussion Paper No. 11, 2001), pp. 13-14.